UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA
LABORATORY REPORT
DEVELOPMENT
OF PHARMACEUTICAL
PRODUCTS
1
(NFNF 2213)
TITLE :
|
THE USE OF WETTING AGENT IN SUSPENSION
|
GROUP
|
:
|
B
|
|
NAME
|
:
|
SITI NURFATIN ATHIRAH BINTI ALIAS
CHRISTINE SHEK AI JIA
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A148978
A148822
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:
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NUR AMALINA BINTI AZMI
LEE NING HUAN
NUR LIYANA BINTI HASSAN
NUR WAHIDAH BINTI HASSAN
|
A148533
A149304
A149008
A149020
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LECTURER’S NAME
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:
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ASSOC. PROF. DR. HALIZA BINTI KATAS
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|
SEMESTER 1, SESSION 2015-2016
FACULTY OF PHARMACY
INTRODUCTION
The term
“suspension” refers to a two-phase system consisting of a finely divided
solid dispersed (suspended) in a liquid (the dispersing medium). Suspension are
heterogeneous systems consisting of at least two phases. The continuous or
external phase is generally a liquid or a semi-solid, and the dispersed or
internal phase is made up of particulate matter which is essentially insoluble
in, but dispersed throughout, the continuous phase. Suspensions are intended
for oral administration as sweetened, flavoured formulations or for topical
application where they are referred to as “lotions”. Suspensions possess
certain advantages over other dosage forms. Some drugs are insoluble in all
acceptable media and must, therefore, be administered as a tablet, capsule, or
as a suspension. Moreover, drugs in suspension are chemically more stable than
in solution. However, suspensions also possess some disadvantages relative to other
dosage forms. The primary disadvantage is their physical instability, that is, that
they tend to settle over time leading to a lack of uniformity of dose. This can,
however, be minimized by careful formulation and by shaking the suspension
before each dose is delivered. Therefore, the best strategy is not to try to
eliminate separation, but rather to decrease the rate of settling and to permit
easy re-suspension of any settled particulate matter. One of the strategies is
to use wetting agent like tragacanth to reduce surface tension.
OBJECTIVE
In this exercise, the
effect of different amount of tragacanth on the sedimentation rates of
suspensions is expended.
MATERIALS
AND APPARATUS
Apparatus:
-1x1
ml graduated pipette -1x100 ml
beaker
-1x
pipette bulb -Parafilm
-1x
weighing boat -1x
weighing balance
-1x
set of mortar and pestle -1x
Viscometer
-1x 50 ml graduated
cylinder
-1x200 ml graduated
cylinder
Materials
:
-Chalk -Double
strength chloroform water
-Tragacanth -Distilled
water
-Concentrated
peppermint water (or any flavouring agent)
-Syrup BP
METHODOLOGY
1. Suspension of
Pediatric Chalk Mixture (150ml) was prepared according to the following
formula.
Ingredient
|
Suspension
|
||
Chalk(g)
|
A
|
B
|
C
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
|
Tragacanth
(g)
|
0.0
|
0.1
|
0.3
|
Concentrated
peppermint water (ml)
|
0.6
|
0.6
|
0.6
|
Syrup
BP (ml)
|
15
|
15
|
15
|
Double
strength chloroform water (ml)
|
75
|
75
|
75
|
Distilled
water q.s(ml)
|
150
|
150
|
150
|
2.
5ml of the suspension was poured into a weighing boat and each of it was
labelled. The texture, clarity and colour of each of suspension was observed
and compared and the result was recorded in Table 1.2.
3.
The sedimentation rate of each suspension was determined..The suspension was
shaked vigorously to make sure all the particles were uniformly suspended, the
time was noted. The boundary between
the sediment and the supernatant was observed and the time taken for the
boundary to pass each 10 ml graduation until the volume of sediment has reached
80 ml was recorded.
4.
The gradated cylinder was set down on the lab bench, and the timer was started
at this point.
5.
For suspensions A to C, the sedimentation volume of the suspensions at t= 0, 2,5,10,15
and 30 minutes was recorded.
6.
The obtained data was recorded in Table 1.1.
7.
The sedimentation volume ratio was calculated using the formula:
sedimentation
volume ratio : Hu/Ho.
and
recorded in Table 1.3
Hu:
ultimate height of the sediment, that is, the height of the sediment at a
particular time
Ho: initial height of
the total suspension
8.
Ease of re-dispersibility of each formulation after the last measurement was
examined. By doing:
i.
The Parafilm was snugged on the mouth of the graduated cylinder, and the seal
was re-enforced with gloved hand.
ii.
The number of inversions taken for completely re-disperse the drug was counted.
iii.
The observations were recorded in Table 2.1 .
9.
95 ml of suspension was poured into a 100ml beaker and the viscosity of the
suspension was determined using viscometer at 100rpm for 30 seconds.
10.
The data were recorded in Table 2.2 .
11.
Lastly, each suspension was poured into a plastic bottle. All the suspensions
were stored for 4 days. The ease of re-dispersion in each system and the most
acceptable system was determined.
RESULT
PART 1
Sedimentation volume of each
suspensions
Table
1.1 ( The sedimentation volume of the suspensions at different time interval )
Suspension
|
Sedimentation volume ( ml ) at pre-determined
time
(min)
|
Distinct boundary
(yes/no)
|
|||||
0
|
2
|
5
|
10
|
15
|
30
|
||
A
|
25
|
19
|
13
|
7
|
5
|
5
|
Yes
|
B
|
-
|
-
|
2
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
No
|
C
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
1
|
2
|
2
|
No
|
Physical appearances of each
suspension
Table
1.2 ( The texture, clarity and colour of each of suspension A, B, C )
Suspension
|
Texture
|
Clarity
|
Colour
|
A
|
Slippery, smooth, watery
|
Cloudy but will turn clear if let
to sediment for a while.
|
Pale white
|
B
|
Slippery, smooth, viscous
|
Cloudy
|
milky white
|
C
|
Slippery, smooth, more viscous
|
Cloudy
|
milky white
|
Sedimentation volume ratio of each
suspension
Table
1.3 ( Sedimentation volume ratio of each suspension A, B ,C after each time
interval )
Suspension
|
Sedimentation volume ratio, Hu/Ho
at pre-determined time
(min)
|
|||||
0
|
2
|
5
|
10
|
15
|
30
|
|
A
|
0.25
|
0.19
|
0.13
|
0.07
|
0.05
|
0.05
|
B
|
0
|
0
|
0.02
|
0.03
|
0.03
|
0.03
|
C
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.01
|
0.02
|
0.02
|
PART
2
Determination
of the re-dispersibility of suspension
Table 2.1 ( Number of
inversion for suspension )
Suspension
|
Number of inversions
to completely re-disperse the drug
|
A
|
1
|
B
|
5
|
C
|
8
|
Determination
of the viscosity of suspension
,wherex-bar is the mean, 
is the sum of the viscosity and n is the
number
of reading recorded.
,where SD is the standard deviation, x is the value
of each reading, x-bar is the mean and n is the number of reading recorded.
Table 2.2 ( Viscosity
of each suspension measured using a Viscometer at 100rpm for 30 seconds )
Suspension
|
A
|
B
|
C
|
||||||
Viscosity ( cP )
|
First reading
|
Second reading
|
Third reading
|
First reading
|
Second reading
|
Third reading
|
First reading
|
Second reading
|
Third reading
|
0.84
|
1.02
|
0.84
|
2.20
|
1.56
|
1.86
|
1.92
|
2.46
|
1.98
|
|
Mean
|
0.90
|
1.87
|
2.12
|
||||||
SD
|
0.085
|
0.068
|
0.058
|
||||||
Suspension
|
A
|
B
|
C
|
Tragacanth content (g)
|
0.0
|
0.1
|
0.3
|
Viscosity (cP)
|
0.90
|
1.87
|
2.12
|
DISCUSSION
1. Compare and discuss physical
appearances of all the suspensions produced.
-Suspension
A is the clearest among all the suspensions. Suspension C is more cloudy than
suspension B and C. Suspension A is more clear because the suspension doest not
contain tragacanth that act as suspending agent. Suspension B is more cloudy
than suspension A because it contains 0.1g of tragacanth. Tragacanth is used as
suspending agent nad it effectively reduced the sedimentation rate, causing the
solid particles to disperse in the continuous phase in a longer time.
Suspension C is more cloudy than suspension
A and B because it contain the highest amount of tragacanth which is
0.3g of Thus the sedimentation rate in suspension C is the lowest .
2. Plot the graph of height of
sedimentation versus time. Give explanation.
Graph
of Hu/Ho against time
Sedimentation
volume is a ratio of the ultimate height of sediment (Hu) to the original of
sediment (Ho) before settling. In suspension A the graph shows that over the
time the sedimentation volume ratio is decreasing. This is because suspension A
does not contain any suspending agent to reduce the surface tension. Thus the
sedimentation can be seen as earlier than suspension B and C. Meanwhile, graph
in suspension B shows that the trend of the graph is increasing over the time
compared in suspension A. This is because suspension B contain 0.1g of
tragacanth powder that act as suspending agent.Suspending agent will decrease
the sedimentation rate and reduce the surface tension. The same goes with suspension C.The sedimentation
occur not as earlier in suspension A and B.Suspension C contain 0.3g 0f
tragacanth that act as suspending agent thus over the time only little
sedimentation occur thus the pattern of the graph decreasing.
3.Briefly explain the principle of
analysis using viscometer. Plot the viscocity vs tragacanth content .Discuss
the findings.
Viscometer is a
device that used to measure and determines the viscosity of a sample fluid. A
rotational viscometer is used in this experiment. When immersed in a sample
fluid, the rotational viscometer senses torque required to rotate a spindle at
constant speed, which is 100rpm in this experiment to calculate the viscosity
of the fluid. The measured torque is proportional to the dynamic viscosity.
Different viscosity of sample fluid requires different type of the spindle to
have an accurate measurement on the viscosity. A more viscous suspension should
use a thinner spindle and vice versa. Viscosity is a
principal parameter when any flow measurement of fluids such as liquid, semi-solids,
gases and even solids are made. Viscosity measurement are made in conjuction
with product quality and efficiency. The graph of viscosity vs tragacanth shows
an increasing in the graph .The higher the amount of the tragacanth, the higher
the viscosity. In bottle A, the viscometer reading is 0.90 where there is an
absent of tragacanth. In suspension B the viscometer reading is 1.87 while in
suspension C it is 2.12. Both of the suspension contain tragacanth but with
different amount that result in viscosity. Tragacanth act as suspending agent
but it also act as thickening agent which help in viscosity.
4.
After storing the suspensions for a period of 4 days, determine the ease of re-dispersion
of each.
Product A : Very Easily
redisperse
Product B : Easily
redisperse
Product C : Hard to redisperse
5.
Based on all the observations, which product would be considered to be most
acceptable? Explain.
Based
on the observation. Product B is considered as most acceptable because it has
the most moderate sedimentation rate. Product B contain a suitable amount of suspending
agent which is tragacanth. Tragacanth is a suspending agent which lowers the
surface tension on the surface of the chalk particle so that it will suspends
in aqueous medium. Besides, it also prevent agglomeration and precipitation
that is due to sedimentation. The viscosity of product B is also ideal enough
to disperse the solid particles in the vehicle and at the same time, the solid
particle can be re-dispersed easily after a few times of shaking. This is
important as it will ensure the constant and correct dose of active ingredients
in the drug being delivered to the patient so that the dose will be effective
for patient treatment.
6.
Briefly explain the function of each exipients used in the suspension
formulation. Explain the influence of tragacanth on the physical
characteristics and stability of a suspension.
The
active ingredient is chalk. Tragacanth increase the viscosity of the solution
as it act as suspending agent and thickening agent. Besides,it help to prevent
the sedimentation of the suspended particle. Besides as a co-solvent to
increase the solubility of the ingredients and prevent crystallization. Syrup
BP is the sweetening agent .Concentrated peppermint water will mask the
unpleasant taste of the drug and make the drug more palatable. Distilled water
act as a vehicle for suspension.
Amount
of tragacanth used in formulation will determine the stability and physical
characteristic of suspension. Tragacanth is the suspending agent and thickening
agent in suspension formulation. The higher the amount of tragancanth, the
higher is the viscosity. Thus this will reduced the terminal settling velocity
which could cause the dispersed phase to settle slowly. Tragacanth is also used in order to prevent the sedimentation
of the suspended particles. So that the stability is increase.
CONCLUSION
The amount of Tragacanth
powder used in the suspension will affect the rate of sedimentation and the
height of sediment formed in the suspension.The higher the amount of Tragacanth
powder, the lower the rate of sedimentation, the lower the height of sediment
formed.
REFERENCES
1.
British Pharmaceutical Codex
1973
2.
Michael E.Aulton, Aulton’s Pharmaceutics The Design And
Manufacture of Medicines, third edition, 2007, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier
3.
Patrick J. Sinko, Phd, Martin’s Physical Pharmacy and
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sixth Edition, 2006, Wolters Kulwer.
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